No mucho se ha escrito sobre este nuevo problema del Siglo XXI: La incidencia de los pensamientos negativos sobre nuestra "red neuronal".
En 2008, un brillante artículo elaborado por la Profesora María del Carmen Navarro Maldonado, para la Universidad de México, exponía las bases de lo que ella denominaba "peste de las neuronas", analizando la incidencia de los pensamientos negativos en el marco de conceptos abstractos que podrían materializarse. La cuestión reviste especial interés, ya que en los últimos tiempos la presencia del pensamiento creativo parece estar relacionada con la salud, mientras que la presencia del pensamiento negativo se asocia con la enfermedad, y a nivel biofísico, existen evidencias empíricas que apuntan a ello, tal y como expone la profesora Navarro.
Citando igualmente a Perkins , 1984, hallamos que el pensamiento creativo se asocia a la materialización de realidades que " a priori", suponen la estructuración de ideas que hallan su contrapartida en una satisfacción que actúa como retribución en sí misma.
Esta retribución creativa obedece a una necesidad del ser humano de integración con el "Universo Inteligente", hasta el punto que genera reacciones biofísicas placenteras, ya que va orientada a la generación de un "bienestar colectivo".
Si atendemos a los avances que han reportado bienestar y avance en nuestra historia, el impulso de las mentes creativas, ha permitido el disfrute colectivo de los avances que actualmente gozamos en nuestras modernas sociedades de bienestar.
La cuestión fundamental que aborda la profesora Navarro es la relativa la incidencia de nuestros pensamientos en nuestras vidas.
La respuesta es sin duda positiva. Nuestros pensamientos están correlacionados con nuestra vida de entorno, hasta el punto que pueden condicionar nuestra salud o nuestra enfermedad. Cuando habla de "peste de las neuronas" habla expresamente de auellos estados en los que la ira, el miedo y el pensamiento negativo conducen a situaciones energéticamente adversas a nivel biofísico.
Y efectivamente, tal y como cita Ernest Holmes en su libro (La ciencia de la Mente) 1998, te conviertes en aquello que piensas que eres y crees "ser".
La peste de las neuronas, proviene de la creencia en el caos, ya que dicha creencia genera una serie de reacciones autodestructivas en cadena, que pueden devenir y de hecho devienen en una materialización de ese pensamiento continuo.
De ahí la importancia en el estudio de los procesos que intervienen en la salud de los procesos dell pensamiento positivo y creativo, ya que en esa positividad se encuentra la clave del avance humano.
Navarro llega incluso a aseverar en su brillante exposición, que los pensamientos negativos, son los generadores de esa "peste" de las neuronas, ya que inciden en el origen mismo de la creación destructiva constante que desemboca en el caos del sujeto así pensante. La perseverancia en ese tipo de pensamientos de forma pesimista y negativa, finaliza materializando en la realidad el desenlace de esa creación.
De esta forma, los síntomas de esta "enfermedad" son el temor y su consecuencia , la ira, la violencia y las manifestaciones del odio que degeneran en conductas de destrucción.
De ahí la clave de las funciones de los receptores AMPA y NMDA, y los bloqueos en las transacciones de Na+ y K+, así como los buffers de Ca++ y su interacción con la Calmodulina, en las fases de polarización y depolarización.
Pueden descargar el artículo aquí:
Otra bibliografía relevante recomendada:
I.-Trastornos en los receptores AMPA.
| 1. | The anticonvulsants lamotrigine, riluzole, and valproate differentially regulate AMPA receptor membrane localization: relationship to clinical effects in mood disorders.
Du, Jing / Suzuki, Katsuji / Wei, Yanling / Wang, Yun / Blumenthal, Rayah / Chen, Zheng / Falke, Cynthia / (...) / Manji, Husseini K,Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 32 (4), p.793-802, Apr 2007
...and treatment of severe mood disorders. ... |
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2. | AMPA receptor potentiators for the treatment of CNS disorders.
O'Neill, Michael J / Bleakman, David / Zimmerman, Dennis M / Nisenbaum, Eric S, Current drug targets. CNS and neurological disorders, 3 (3), p.181-194, Jun 2004
...deficits. Several classes of AMPA receptor potentiators have...studies have suggested that AMPA receptor modulators enhance...neurological and psychiatric disorders. Several independent studies have suggested that AMPA receptors can increase BDNF... |
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3. | The Anticonvulsants Lamotrigine, Riluzole, and Valproate Differentially Regulate AMPA Receptor Membrane Localization: ...
Du, Jing / Suzuki, Katsuji / Wei, Yanling / Wang, Yun / Blumenthal, Rayah / Chen, Zheng / Falke, Cynthia / (...) / Manji, Husseini K,Neuropsychopharmacology, 32 (4), p.793-802, Apr 2007
doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301178
...Differentially Regulate AMPA Receptor Membrane...Clinical Effects in Mood Disorders Jing Du1, Katsuji...Differentially Regulate AMPA Receptor Membrane...Clinical Effects in Mood Disorders Neuropsychopharmacology Original...Differentially Regulate AMPA Receptor Membrane...Clinical Effects in Mood Disorders Jing Du 1 , Katsuji... |
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4. | A role for AMPA receptors in mood disorders.
Alt, Andrew / Nisenbaum, Eric S / Bleakman, David / Witkin, Jeffrey M, Biochemical pharmacology, 71 (9), p.1273-1288, Apr 2006
...alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropi... |
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5. | Therapeutic potential of positive AMPA receptor modulators in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Marenco, Stefano / Weinberger, Daniel R, CNS drugs, 20 (3), p.173-185, Jan 2006
Drugs that potentiate the activity of the alpha-am... |
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6. | AMPA receptors: New targets for psychiatric disorders
Donoghue, P.S., Current Anaesthesia & Critical Care, 20 (5-6), p.242-247, Oct 2009
doi:10.1016/j.cacc.2009.07.002
...demonstrating a known interacting protein of AMPA receptors, opens up possible avenues of...for other proteins that may interact with AMPAreceptors indirectly. 4 AMPA receptors in psychological disorders Many psychological disorders, particularly... |
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7. | The GluR2 (GluR-B) hypothesis: Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors in neurological disorders.
Pellegrini-Giampietro, D E / Gorter, J A / Bennett, M V / Zukin, R S, Trends in neurosciences, 20 (10), p.464-470, Oct 1997
...associated with a number of brain disorders. Until recently, the NMDA...is now well established that AMPA receptors exist not only in...2+)-permeable forms. AMPA receptors are encoded by four...subunit renders heteromeric AMPA receptor assemblies Ca(2... |
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8. | In vitro and in vivo studies in rats with LY293558 suggest AMPA/kainate receptor blockade as a novel potential mechanism for the therapeutic treatment of anxiety disorders.
Alt, Andrew / Weiss, Brianne / Ogden, Ann Marie / Li, Xia / Gleason, Scott D / Calligaro, David O / Bleakman, David / Witkin, Jeffrey M,Psychopharmacology, 185 (2), p.240-247, Apr 2006
...Comparison of the blockade of AMPA- vs N-methyl-D-aspartate...potent as an antagonist at AMPA vs NMDA receptors in vitro...the literature suggest that AMPA and/or kainate receptor blockade...therapeutic treatment of anxiety disorders. |
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9. | Pharmacology of AMPA/kainate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Lees, G J, Drugs, 59 (1), p.33-78, Jan 2000
...neurological and psychiatric disorders. This review evaluates the...alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) and kainate (KA) receptors...diseases. Glutamate activation of AMPA receptors is thought to mediate...electrophysiological properties of AMPA/KA receptors. Disease and... |
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10. | A role for AMPA receptors in mood disorders
Alt, Andrew / Nisenbaum, Eric S. / Bleakman, David / Witkin, Jeffrey M., Biochemical Pharmacology, 71 (9), p.1273-1288, Apr 2006
doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2005.12.022
...104] Table 2 Modulation of AMPA receptors in mood disorders, by stress, and by drugs...Stressor or disease Effect on AMPA receptors Reference Mood disorders Human brain Suicide victims Increased [3H]AMPA binding in caudate [119] Human... |
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II.-Trastornos en llos receptores NMDA:
| 1. | NMDA receptors and metaplasticity: Mechanisms and possible roles in neuropsychiatric disorders
Zorumski, Charles F. / Izumi, Yukitoshi, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36 (3), p.989-1000, Mar 2012
doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.12.011
...cognitive dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders. Our focus will be on studies at Schaffer...pathophysiology of major psychiatric disorders ( Tamminga et al., 2010; MacQueen...polymorphisms contributing to neuropsychiatric disorders including mental retardation, autism... |
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2. | Synaptic versus extrasynaptic NMDA receptor signalling: implications for neurodegenerative disorders
Hardingham, Giles E. / Bading, Hilmar, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11 (10), p.682-696, Oct 2010
doi:10.1038/nrn2911 |
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3. | Anti-NMDA-Receptor Encephalitis and Other Synaptic Autoimmune Disorders.
Rosenfeld, Myrna R / Dalmau, Josep, Current treatment options in neurology, 13 (3), p.324-332, Jun 2011
...disorders. In some cases, these disorders occur as a paraneoplastic manifestation...well-known paraneoplastic neurologic disorders of the central nervous system...older individuals, these novel disorders often affect children and young...example, patients with anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis who... |
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4. | Mutations in NMDA receptors influence neurodevelopmental disorders causing epilepsy and intellectual disability
Metzler, M, Clinical Genetics, 79 (3), p.219-220, Mar 2011
doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01610.x |
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5. | Mutations in NMDA receptors influence neurodevelopmental disorders causing epilepsy and intellectual disability.
Metzler, M, Clinical genetics, 79 (3), p.219-220, Mar 2011
doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01610.x |
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6. | Targeting the NMDA receptor for fear-related disorders.
Amaral, Olavo B / Roesler, Rafael, Recent patents on CNS drug discovery, 3 (3), p.166-178, Nov 2008
...treatment of anxiety disorders has been steadily diminishing...treatment of anxiety disorders in humans. Animal studies...N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors as crucial...strategies for targeting the NMDA receptor in the treatment of fear-related disorders, analyzing experimental... |
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7. | The NR1 subunit of the glutamate/NMDA receptor in the superior temporal cortex in schizophrenia and affective disorders.
Nudmamud-Thanoi, Sutisa / Reynolds, Gavin P, Neuroscience letters, 372 (1-2), p.173-177, Nov 2004
...schizophrenia and affective disorders. We have investigated...NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor in a well-defined...significant decrease inNMDA receptor density...bipolar and depressive disorders. The immunoblotting...findings in affective disorders are interesting in...reports of cortical NMDA receptor deficits... |
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8. | NMDA receptor trafficking in synaptic plasticity and neuropsychiatric disorders
Lau, C. Geoffrey / Zukin, R. Suzanne, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8 (6), p.413-426, Jun 2007
doi:10.1038/nrn2153
...with this article. NMDA receptor trafficking...neuropsychiatric disorders C. Geoffrey Lau1...friend | article: NMDA receptor trafficking...neuropsychiatric disorders: Nature Reviews...dc.title" content="NMDA receptor trafficking...neuropsychiatric disorders" /> <meta name="dc... |
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9. | NMDA receptor trafficking in synaptic plasticity and neuropsychiatric disorders
Lau, C. Geoffrey / Zukin, R. Suzanne, Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8 (6), p.1-1, Jun 2007
doi:10.1038/nrn2171
...Search Citation Results NMDA receptor trafficking in...plasticity and neuropsychiatric disorders C. Geoffrey Lau & R. Suzanne...2007 | doi:10.1038/nrn2171 NMDA receptor trafficking in...plasticity and neuropsychiatric disorders C. Geoffrey Lau... |
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10. | Paradigm shift in NMDA receptor antagonist drug development: molecular mechanism of uncompetitive inhibition by memantine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other neurologic disorders.
Lipton, Stuart A, Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 6 (6 Suppl), p.61-74, Dec 2004
...agents that block virtually all NMDA receptor activity will very...For this reason many previous NMDA receptor antagonists have disappointingly...number of neurodegenerative disorders. In contrast, studies in our...preferentially blocks excessive NMDA receptor activity without disrupting... |
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